Standard-Level-History-exam-review

__REVISION ASSIGNMENT FOR 11'S--JUNE 10, 2010__ Go to the below website, do Russia, Germany and world wars 1 and 2. copy and paste your scores/send them to me: brockd@issev.de []

Guten tag an alle, Hier sind die tollen Zusammenfassungen für die jeweiligen Aufsatz Themen. Viel Spaß :) Hallo Max und Julia :)

By: Max&Max&Orlinov ** __The Rise And Rule Of Single Party States__ ** Create a communist state w/ state control of industry & trade. Nationalization of land Ending of class barriers and the establishment of a republic of workers, peasants, and soldiers deputies with a gradual transition to socialism and the ‘withering away of the state’ Inside Russia the Bolsheviks had only minority support Outside Russia revolution in advanced industrial states had not undergone revolution and the transition w/in Russia from revolution to socialism would therefore be hard and long. Lenin dissolved the Constituent Assembly (which did not have a Bolshevik majority). Dictatorial methods before this had included: suppression of newspapers, banning of the Cadet Party, setting up a secret police (Cheka). The communist aimed to "suppress all attempts of the bourgeoisie to return to power: and this is what is meant by the dictatorship of the proletariat." Lenin drew up a new constitution after dissolving the assembly. Drawn up in 1918 but only accepted w/ adjustments in 1922 & 1924. See notes for further info on basic rights, voting rights, etc. Lenin wanted to obtain peace and signed in March 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Advantages: Bolsheviks did not have to deal w/ discontented minorities. Bolsheviks could concentrate on control of Russia itself End of war meant Lenin could concentrate on internal difficulties. USA helped achieve Cuban independence from the Spanish in 1898. Independent but stability sometimes achieved with American troops. USA held controlling stake in all Cuban industries Owned: Cuba’s economy: Unemployment: No peaceful revolution seemed possible: No quick deterioration of the American-Cuban relations. Castro was thought to be a social democrat, not a nationalist. He outraged the USA by nationalising American-owned estates and factories. President Eisenhower reacted by threatening to stop importing Cubas goods. Forced Cuba to sign a trade agreement with Russia. Brought the already torn world to the brink of nuclear war In the summer the USSR supplied arms to Cuba, who directed them at the USA. On October 22nd Kennedy announced that U-2 spy planes had detected Russian missile bases were being built in Cuba. He alerted the army & blockaded Cuba to stop further arms Demanded the missiles to be taken down again (ultimatum) Khrushchev agreed to removed offending missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba Cuba was expelled from the OAS (Organisation of American States) by suspicious Latin American states. This made the Cuba even more dependent on Russia. The cold war relaxed but American-Cuban relations stayed cool.
 * Single Party States**
 * 1. Lenin **
 * Lenin’s long term aims:**
 * He was willing to adapt these goals b/c:**
 * The establishment of a single party rule:**
 * Lenin’s Constitution:**
 * The ending of the war:**
 * Russia lost Poland, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, the Ukraine, part of Belorussia and Transcaucasia. (1,3 million sq. miles of territory, a pop. of 62 million people, 1/3 of all her railways, _ of her coal and iron resources.)
 * 2. Hitler **
 * Reasons for the Rise of Fascism in Germany:**
 * The economic collapse of Germany after 1929 (main reason)
 * The lack of democratic roots in Germany
 * Under the Weimar republic it was impossible to secure a majority in parliament (this depicted democracy as a weak Gov. system)
 * The president had the authority to declare a state of emergency (Hitler used Hindenburg’s ability to do this in order to establish his dictatorship)
 * The fear of communism (Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor as a result of such fears)
 * The Nazis exploited the weakness of the Weimar system and often used violence against their opponents
 * The Nazis made use of propaganda to shape public opinion
 * The Nazis used resentment against the Versaille Settlement to their ends.
 * Some other political parties did not support democracy and represented potential allies for Hitler
 * Characteristics of National Socialist Rule:**
 * Germany became a one party state
 * Hitler was supreme within the party and he was taken as the personification of National Socialism.
 * Totalitarianism was introduced
 * Education was controlled
 * Strict censorship of the media
 * All non-Nazi youth movements were banned and replaced (ie: by movements such as Hitler Youth)
 * The churches were brought under Nazi control
 * Trade Unions & strikes were banned
 * The use of terror was made to crush all resistance
 * The army was brought under Nazi control
 * Officers swore loyalty to Hitler
 * Gradually Nazi officers filled army ranks
 * The non-Nazi commander and war minister were removed in scandals at least engineered by the Nazis
 * The S.S. was built up
 * The Nazis made great use of propaganda
 * The economy (see notes on inter-war period)
 * Racism / The Aryan Germans were declared to be the ‘Master Race’
 * Expansionism / Hitler claimed to reunite all Germans and Nazi interests centered on obtaining land in Europe
 * There was a close identity btw party and state
 * Centralization of power
 * An Evaluation of National Socialism:**
 * Failed in the long run and brought disaster to Germany
 * Brought short term benefits (see notes on Economic Problems)
 * Drove to exile Germans who could have contributed greatly for Germany (ie: Einstein)
 * There was strict censorship of art, literature and academic life; which all did not flourish under the Nazis
 * Women’s rights suffered
 * Loss of civil liberty
 * Nazi extremism brought about Allied extremism and eventually events such as civilian bombings (ie: Dresden)
 * Some successes: construction of autobahns, establishment of enterprises like Volkswagen, and scientific advances in areas such as synthetics, and rocketry.
 * An Evaluation of Nazi Economic Policy:**
 * Measures reducing U. marked w/ a * represented a manipulation of statistics
 * Increases in output were directed to the armed forces (this meant recession was inevitable except in the case of war)
 * Economic improvements were accompanied to loss of individual freedom
 * 3. Cuba/ Castro- **
 * Cuba stood under strong influence from the United States:**
 * Claims that USA controlled Cuban economy:**
 * Half of the land
 * 3/5 of the railway system
 * The electricity production
 * The telephone system
 * USA was Cuba’s main market
 * Domination did not result in efficient country; therefore resentment in Cuba.
 * Prosperous
 * Too dependent on sugar
 * Wealth unevenly distributed
 * 8% in the five month of sugar harvest
 * 30% rest of year
 * Trade unions inactive; dominated by all year employed
 * Havana, rich and full of corrupt government officials was strong contrast to
 * High social tensions
 * There was no reliable democratic system in Cuba.**
 * Fulgencio Batista seized power illegally in 1952 and ruled as dictator.
 * Did not introduce reforms; his regime was corrupt and brutal.
 * Batista had been at the forefront of politics since 1933
 * Middle-Class Fidel Castro, a trained lawyer, was leading exponent of this view.
 * Before he came to power he was more of an liberal nationalist than a communist
 * Wanted to end corruption and Batista regime
 * Prepared to introduce limited land reforms for every peasant to receive land.
 * Unsuccessful coup attempt in 1953 — ended with two years of prison
 * Switch to guerrilla tactics:
 * Campaign of guerrilla warfare and sabotage in the cities
 * Popular with population due to the implementation of Castro’s land reforms.
 * Success: Rebels soon controlled mountain areas to the north and east.
 * Brutal reaction of Batista:**
 * Played into Castro’s hands:
 * Popularised the struggle
 * Even the middle-class saw Castro as an alternative to brutal Batista.
 * Morale of Batista’s army crumbled after an unsuccessful attempt made against Castro’s forces in the summer of 1958.
 * The USA, embarrassed, withdrew all arms supplies.
 * Che Guevara, an Argentinean supporter of Castro, gained control of the island’s main road.
 * Prepared to move to Santa Clara
 * Fulgencio Batista fled from Cuba on January 1st, 1959; a new, liberal government was set up under Fidel Castro.
 * Cuban relations with the USA:**
 * July 1960:
 * USA stopped import of Cuban goods
 * USSR promised to buy Cuban sugar
 * Cuba confiscated all remaining American property
 * Relations between USA and Cuba worsened, but USSR relations with Cuba improved.
 * USA broke off diplomatic relations with the two countries.
 * Russia, at that point in time, was already supplying economic aid to Cuba
 * The USA, President J.F. Kennedy even approved a plan to invade Cuba:
 * The ‘Bay of Pigs’ happened on April 1961
 * Proposed by Batista supporters.
 * To be executed from American bases in Guatemala.
 * The CIA was deeply involved.
 * Badly planned and excecuted
 * Castro’s forces and its 2 planes therefore easily crushed it.
 * Missile Crisis (1962):**
 * Castro’s greatest problem specific to Cuba:**
 * How would the other American states react to a new socialist threat at their doorstep?
 * Cuba’s economy was far too reliant on sugar and the price fluctuations of the world sugar market.
 * The administration and the government was riddled with corruption
 * There was serious unemployment and poverty
 * Ernsto ‘Che’ Guevara:
 * Ernsto ‘Che’ Guevara, who had played an important role in the revolution, took a position in Castro’s government.
 * He wrote a book on the guerrilla warfare, which had big impact on Latin America.
 * By 1965 he became frustrated with government.
 * Left Cuba to organise revolutions. And was killed by Bolivian troops 1967.
 * The new government however was enthusiastic and dedicated:**
 * During his first ten years Castro totally reformed Cuba:
 * Collective farms were introduced.
 * Factories and businesses were nationalised
 * Attempts were made to modernise sugar production and increase output
 * New industries were introduced to relieve heavy reliance on sugar.
 * Social reforms
 * Included attempts to improve:
 * Education
 * Housing
 * Health
 * Medical facilities
 * Communication
 * Achieved equality for Negro’s and more rights for women
 * Opened touring cinemas, theatres, concerts and art expeditions
 * Castro kept on touring the country, giving speeches urging for greater efforts.
 * Governments success:
 * Especially in sphere of social reforms:
 * All children were getting some sort of education (only 50% before 1959)
 * Sanitation and hygiene improved.
 * Greater sense of equality and stability that ever before
 * After the first decade the government seemed to be popular with the vast majority of people.
 * Governments failures:
 * The inability to diversify the industries and the agricultural output was the most serious failure. This made Cuba more dependent:
 * 1970’s the harvest fell, worsened by a fungus infections (1980’s)
 * This plunged the country into a economic crisis:
 * Unemployment rose
 * Increased immigration to the USA
 * Food was rationed
 * Economy heavily subsidised by USSR
 * After a promising start the progress was faltering.

Julia & Philippa Thesis: Mao and Hitler´s foreign policies were both designed to help their own gain and establishment of power, however, while Mao was doing this on an international state, with concern about improving relations during the time of the Cold War, Hitler was doing this more on a domestic level, with the only concern being Germanys strength and power.
 * Compare and contrast the foreign policies of two rulers of single-party states each chosen from a different region.**

Compare and Contrast: Both Policies with USSR.

Generally: The Sino-Soviet Treaty (1950):

- Mao´s relations with Stalin had never been close - Mao had opposed the pro-Soviet CCP leaders, prior to the Civil War and, during the Civil War, Mao received no direct aif from the USSR, except that the Russians handed over captured Japanese weapons in Manchuria to the PLA - Stalin wanted Mao to be content with control of just northern China - Once it became clear that the US was likely to be hostile to the PRC and, given the PRC´s need for economic aid, Mao decided to be hostile to the PRC and, given the PRCs need for economic aid, Mao decided to “Lean to one side” in the developing Cold War, which was the USSRs side Mao felt it acutely during his long stay in Moscow in the early 1950s to negotiate a Treaty with Stalin - therefore Mao visited Moscow and signed a friendship treaty with the USSR

Generally: Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939 → „Non-Agression pact“ signed between Germany and the USS - Hitler and Stalin agreed not to got to war, but would together attack Poland and split it between the two countries. - Stalin was Hitler's ally/friend in the East, therefore the German people felt more secure as they exculded the possibility of war with Russia. Hitler used this foreign policy as a way to gain power and to ensure that Russia would not attack Germany, as he knew that Russia would not risk war with Germany.

While Hitler made a Treaty with the USSR because he wanted to, Mao was pressured into it by the increasingly better relations of the USSR with the USA. So even though they both signed a treaty with the same country, they did it out of different reasons, Hitler out of strength, because he wanted it to benefit Germany, and Mao out of the weakness to be isolated by he USSR and USA.

Compare and Contrast: Ideology

Generally: - Mao was not only the chief but the sole architect of China's foreign policy. - In his mind domestic and foreign policies were interrelated. - He manipulated international crises for the ends of domestic politics. - When tension between Mao and other members of the Communist elite intensified following the failure of the Great Leap Forward, a revolutionary foreign policy served as an effective and probably Maos only available way to contain both his authority and the continuous revolution.

For much of the period 1949-76, Mao looked to formulate foreign policy in line with Marxist-Leninist ideas about world wide revolution. Eg. – the PRC provided aid to the HUK guerillas who unsuccessfully tried to establish communist rule in Malaya However, the desire to export revolution abroad was balanced by considerations of national security. Mao, Zhou Enlai and other CCP leaders were part of the May Fourth generation and consequently they sought to restore Chinese sovereignty and make China in to a great power, as it had been in imperial times before the decline of the Qing dynasty.

Generally: The policy of Anschluss; The union of Germany and Austria to form a Great German Reich - In 1938; Hitler achieved Anschluss - neither B nor F resisted, because they many in either country regarded Hitler's desire as reasonable. - invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1938 → expanding creation of Greater German Reich - Czechs were regarded as inferior race - 3 million Germans lived there as Cz. had been created by the hated 1919-20 Peace Settlement - Britain's Prime Minister (Chamberlain) believed Hitler only wanted to create a Greater German Reich - However, Historian AJP Taylor argued that Hitler was an oppertunist and had no precise goals or foreign policies only the desire for expansion; Especially in the case of Czechoslovaki, Hitler took advantage of appeasement policy by France and Britain. - on the other hand, most historians (eg Hugh Trevor-Roper) argued that Hitler's //Mein Kampf// clearly showed his intentions (in 1924/5) and hence also his foreign policies, which he put into effect in the 1930s. As it was laid out in Mein Kampf expansion in the east was Hitlers main aim, which clearly shows that Hitler was an intentionalist and planned everything ahead.

Thus Mao wanted to spread the Communist word, but he did it without force, while Hitler wanted to just simply expand his influence and power. Hitler allied with the USSR so that he would not risk war with Russia when invading Poland.

Compare and Contrast: The relations to the USA

Generally: Mao´s victory over Chiang Kai-Shek in Oct. 1949 came as a shock to the US public. At fist it seemed as if the USA might recognize the Peoples Republic, but there was a huge outcry in the US against Dean Acheson, the US Secretary of State´s, statement in August 1950 that China could not have been saved by US intervention. The Republicans accused the Democratic administration of doing too little, too late. Many in the US feared the spread of Communism all over South-East Asia, especially after the USSR signed a friendship Treaty with China in February 1950. This coincided with the beginning in America of the Red Scare and McCarthyism. The US refused to recognize the People´s Republic of China until 1979 (however, it allowed its admission to the UN in 1971).

Generally: Hitler's plans included to go to war and tried not to involve the USA;

Both Hitler and Mao were ignoring the USA in the sense that they did not go into any agreements with her.

Compare and Contrast: the Involvement in Wars While Hitler brought Germany itself into war and caused war, Mao was just indirectly involved in war in Vietnam and Korea, where in both cases China was supporting the Communist Party/Front.

MARY: **Assess the role of economic and social policies as factors explaining the consolidation and maintenance of power of Mao and Hitler:**

Assess: Asks candidates to measure and and judge the merits and quality of an argument or concept. Candidates must clearly identify and explain the evidence for the assessement they make.

Introduction: Both Hitler and Mao were two single party leaders that came to power in a period of social and political unrest within the country and successfully used their countries instability to their advantage. Their social and economic policies, which were to some extent influenced by their ideology, were important in their consolidation of power, but also led to the break down and opposition to their regimes so that political measures, such as elimination of opposition, had to be applied to maintain their control.

Hitler: Economic policies to maintain power: as said, when Hitler took power the Nazi Party had no clear programm as to how to deal with the German economy. Thus several, often contradictory policies at the same time, which resulted from the three major ideas: a third way between a planned socialist and a capital free economy, the concept of autarchy and the idea of a war economy. However, a number of policies were successfully (but forcefully) introduced: set up National Labour Front (date): all trade unions banned, men sent on public work programmes, to keep workers happy there was the Strength through Joy movement which gave good workers the opportunity to go on holidays. sharp fall in unemployment rates between 33-38: number of unemployed dropped from 6 million to less than one million. -> at the time this was considered to be an economic miracle and proof of the success of the party; nowadays economists have realized that the economic growth was primarily due to an increase in war industry and an expansion in the production of consumer goods; the inflation rate was also artifically curbed down by creating a wage and price freeze as well as a freeze on foreign interest payments It could thus be said that economic policies at the time seemed to make people believe in the strength of the Party, but that by the 1940‘s, when indstry was clearly directed towards the needs of war, people began to realize that no log term recovery had been happening
 * Economic policies:** During consolidation of power: Hitler assured the owners of big businesses that the Nazi Party would not undertake actions of nationalisation, their leadership would remain „free of interference“ from the Nazi Party, historiography about what kind of businesses were involved and how -> Hitler had support of the industrialists, which was also vital in financing the expenses of the election campaign in 1933, it also added to his political influence of Hindenburg, HOWEVER: there is also evidence that Hitler had no clear economic aims and was not clear about his policices, since his statements were also in contradiction with what was said in the party programm (to curb power of monopolies and give more rights to small shop owners)

**Social policies:** race laws: Nuremberg (1935), Jews as scape goats help to gain popularity, establishing one common enemy, rigth to citizenship taken away from Jewish people education programms: indoctrination of youth, especially through Nazi Youth and central control of schools, all school textbooks issued by Nazi Party, decline in number of university attendants (from almost 128000 in 33 to just over 58000 in 38) and recognition of intellectual skills, between 33 and 39 2800 lecturers and over 300 full professors sacked, focus on practical skills 1939: 90 percent in youth programm -> summer camps, physical and rifle practice, political indoctrination Gustav Lebon: crowd was soon weary of disorder and thus turned to servitude ban/restriction on religion: National Church policies towards women: encouragement of family unit, appealed to traditional values and family understanding the Arts and Media: censorship, Book Burning - suppression of freedom of speech and expression, many artists and novelists left the country

Mao: Economically: Agricultural changes from 1950 to 1956: formation of large co-operative farms, land was taken from landowners and redistributed to peasants, a process that Mao had already begun before they were in complete control of China; Edgar Snow, an American Journalist wrote in his book Red Star over China (1937): that most of the peasant to whom I talked seemed to support the communists and the Red Army. ....wherever the Reds went...they radically changed the situation for the tenant farmer.“ Peasants were then convinced to join into co-operative famrs to increase food production: by 1956 about 95 percent were in co-operatives 5 yr plan introduced in 1953: concentration on heavy industry, country recovered from wards: full communication restoed, inflation under control Great Leap Forward: drive needed after worrying results of hundreds flowers campaign in 1958: introduction of communes (larger than collective farmss, they ran their own coll. farms and factories and even dealt with functions of local government); change of emphasis in industry: small factories in rural areas to provide machinery for agriculture „backyard steel furnaces“, positive effects only showed years later in mid 60s: managed to feed population without famine, country had decided to be an agricultural country with small scale industry where emplyment was ensured due to relying on human workforce, spread of welfare and education

Social: 1965-68: The Cultural Revolution: Mao stressed the importance of staying close to the masses and avoid an emergence of a privileged class: Red Guards, mostly students toured the country and appealed for his case; schools and factories were closed down, distribution of Mao‘s Little red Book, ended in chaos, almost anarchy, almost half a million people died, but Mao was able to get rid of his critics

**Assess the economic and social impact of the Vietnam War on the countries involved.**

Intro: The situation in Vietnam had been unstable since the end of world war two, but the conflict culminated in 1961 with the start of a second war fought for independence by the Communist Vietcong, formerly the Vietminh, who had joined together in the National Labour Front, against the regime of the South and thus ultimately against the United States, who were backing the South. The social effect on the United states was a definite change in the public view on the US army doctrine and US involvement in other countries, whilst the economic effect was a large federal budget deficit. One of the social effects on Vietnam was the emergence of a communist regime. The main economic effect was that the country‘s agriculture was greatly damaged due to the chemical weapons used by the US during the war.

Social effect on US: THe Vietnam was the first war that the US actually lost, thus being a huge blow to American prestige and shook the confidence in the political leaders. People were particularly outraged due to the broad media coverage that had been undertaken during the war and were appalled by their soldiers actions. In 1969 across the US anti-war demonstrations took place in which over 2 million people participated. From then onwards the Americans felt that countries should be responsible for their own destiny. In June 1969 the Nixon doctrine was released stating that: „The nations of Asia can and must increasingly shoulder the responsibility for achieving peace...Asian countries must seek their own destiny...for too much dependence on a protector can eventually erode its dignity“. The American government knew that it had to consider intervention in other countries more carefully from then onwards.

Economic effect: One of the major economic effect of the Vietnam war on the US was a large federal budget deficit. around 167 billion US dollars had been spent on the War, which had a desastrous effect on inflations rates and affected living standards up tp the 1990s.

Social Effects on Vietnam: Country in complete communist rule: war had fostered the growth of communist support, rather than contained it. In April 1975 Saigon was occupied by the North Vietnamese and Vietnam was united under a communist government. This was due to their support among the ordinary people, who felt that the previous government had failed to successfully reform the country and had not shown a real interest in improving the liiving standards of the ordinary people. The Vietcong instead showed persevearance and the will to fight for independence, which drew support from all those that were interested in a national movement. (NATIONALISM, US was considered just to be another conolizing country, just as France had been)

Economic effects: rural and urban areas had suffered great damage, no resources and the communist regime showed little experience of dealing with economy. The focus was put on heavy industry (following the model of the USSR) but the country lacked resources and capital. In addition, the communist policies removed money making incentives. At the same time the population was growing, but could not be fed and farmers grew disillusioned by the policices of collectivization. THus between 1975 and 1990 over one million people fled the country. -> the country remained one of the poorest countries in South East Asia due to the legacy of war damage and poor communist policies until the 1990s

Max Schock - How did technology change the 20th century wars Technologies:

air warfare:
 * new aircrafts
 * stronger weapons
 * both, bombs and machineguns (bombers and hunters)
 * bombers = devastation (Dresden as example)
 * heavier that could carry more (little boy)

naval:
 * u boats with sonar
 * could carry more torpedos and mines
 * mines = new tactical weapon
 * aircraft carriers: could carry about 200 aircrafts = new tactical way to attack, could carry them to the coast....
 * more new ship classes: battlecruisers, little ships for tracking down

land:
 * tanks had their breakthrough, devastating landstripes and killing thousands
 * modern cavalry
 * almost no trenches
 * more tactical
 * new technological improvements: machine guns, tanks, artillery

led to much higher victim rate, more devastation,

nowadays:


 * nuclear weapons
 * can erase a whole city
 * computer programmed = highly accurate
 * improved bullets/shrapnels
 * more troops, better equipped

PHILIPPA:


 * Assess critically three causes of the First World War**

The causes of the first World War can be split in different areas, three of which are the alliance system, imperialsm and nationalism. These three areas motivated the start of the First World War.

Alliance system:

- In 1914, the six most powerful countries in Europe were divided into two opposing alliances - Central Powers or Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) formed 1982 - Triple Entente (Britain, France and Russia) formed in 1907 - Each country was heavily armed, each one had reasons for distrusting other countries in Europe - Germany: second largest industry in 1914, but greater ambitions and concerns: - Kaiser wanted Germany to become a world power with colonies in Africa - building of large navy - worried about „encirclement“ ? friendship between Russia and France - huge arms-built up in Russia - Austria-Hungary: mixed nationalities who wanted independence from Austria - main concern: to keep its empire together - independet neighbour Serbia, a powerful threatening force in the Balkans supported by Russia with strong army - Italy: set up colonies, overseas empire; no strong industrial or military power - Britain: „Splendid Isolation“ ~ not to become involved in European politics - worried about Germany; as the Kaiser announced that he wanted Germany to have an empire and strong navy ? Britain saw this as a threat to its own empire and navy - France: defeated by Germany in 1870: - main concerns: to protect itself against attack by Germany - get Alsace-Lorraince (taken in 1870; industrial area) - Russia: largest, but also most backward - worried about Germany's growing power - The alliance system from 1870 had divided the European superpowers into two armed camps, which contributed to a rise in tensions -

Imperialism:

- The aggressive foreign policy pursued by Kaiser Wilhelm II brought Great Britain out of its traditional isolationism - He sought to challenge both Britain's naval supremacy and its imperial predominance - Germany wanted to aquire colonies; „Weltpolitik“ - The Morocco incidents in 1905 and 1911 raised the tenisons in Europe - 1905: The Kaiser visted Morocco announcing that he would support their independence from France; Kaiser was humiliated instead of supported at the international conference in Algeciras in 1906 ~ his view were rejected - Germany alarmed by the close relations between Britain and France at the conference - ? Triple Entente formed in the wake of the Moroccan crisis. - 1911: France wanted to take over Morocco again; Britain feared that Germany would set up a naval basis there. - At another conference, again Britain and France stood firm against Germany - French took control over Morocco; Germany was given land as compensation - The Balkans: The spark that lit the bonfire (according to Ben Walsh) - different nationalities mixed; after Turkish power declined, new governments were in constant disputes - the decline of the Ottoman Empire in South-East Europe created a power vacuum in the Balkans - this encouraged Slav and particularly Serb nationalism - appeared to pose a growing threat to the multi-national Autro-Hugarian Empire, which competed against Russia for the influence in the Balkans - Russia and Austria, two Superpowers bordering the Balkans, wanted to seize control as it gave access to the Mediterranean - Austria took over the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908; protests but when Germany announced to support Austria, neither Russia nor Serbia wanted to risk war with Germany - ? Austria now felt to confident that Germany would also back Austria in future disputes, according to some historians - Arms built-up as Russia resented being faced down in 1909 - Austria needed reason to crush Serbia; murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo in Serbia -

Militarism:

- most significant causes of tension in Europe was the naval rivalry which developed after 1900 (according to Ben Walsh) - Since 1805 Britain had the largest navy and had ruled the sea without any challenge - in 1898 the German Kaiser, however, announced his intention to build a powerful German navy - Britain's navy was much larger, but spread all over the world to protect empire; Germany had no empire and therefore did not really need an army: threat to British security - Kaiser: to protect growing trade - In 1906, Britain raised the stakes in the naval race by launching HMS Dreadnought, the first of a new class of warships - Germany responded by building its own Dreaghnought - According to James Joll, the arms race in which all major powers were involved contributed to the sense that war was bound to come. Financing it caused serious trouble for all governments - Germany almost doubled her spending on the military from 1910 to 1914

= = __MAX UTNER__

__Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War__ __In what ways do the causes of World War 1 differ from the causes of World War 2?__ World War 1 Austria-Hungary. The serbs wanted independence because they believed that they werent Austrians
 * -Alliances** **: For example:France, Britain, Russia and later Italy. called the Triple Entente**
 * -Imperialism** is when a country takes over new lands or countries and makes them subject to their rule.
 * Militarism** means that the army and military forces are given a high profile by the government. The arms race for military dominance on world stage.
 * Nationalism**: The push for independence by different cultural groups. For example in

= World War Two = == = Treaty of Versaille: =

1. **War Guilt Clause** - Germany should accept the blame for starting World War One 2. **Reparations** - Germany had to pay £6,600 million for the damage caused by the war 3. **Disarmament** - Germany was only allowed to have a small army and six naval ships. No tanks, no airforce and no submarines were allowed. The Rhineland area was to be de-militarised. 4. **Territorial Clauses** - Land was taken away from Germany and given to other countries. Anschluss (union with Austria) was forbidden.

-draft introduced - military rearmament -fighting against the Treaty of Versialles -refusing to pay war reperation fees - invasion of Czechoslovakia

Appeasement means giving in to someone provided their demands are seen as reasonable. During the 1930s, many politicians in both Britain and France came to see that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles had placed restrictions on Germany that were unfair. Hitler's actions were seen as understandable and justifiable. When Germany began re-arming in 1934, many politicians felt that Germany had a right to re-arm in order to protect herself. It was also argued that a stronger Germany would prevent the spread of Communism to the west. In 1936, Hitler argued that because France had signed a new treaty with Russia, Germany was under threat from both countries and it was essential to German security that troops were stationed in the Rhineland. France was not strong enough to fight Germany without British help and Britain was not prepared to go to war at this point. Furthermore, many believed that since the Rhineland was a part of Germany it was reasonable that German troops should be stationed there. In May 1937, Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister of Britain. He believed that the Treaty of Versailles had treated Germany badly and that there were a number of issues associated with the Treaty that needed to be put right. He felt that giving in to Hitler's demands would prevent another war. This policy, adopted by Chamberlain's government became known as the policy of Appeasement. The most notable example of appeasement was the Munich Agreement of September 1938. The Munich Agreement, signed by the leaders of Germany, Britain, France and Italy, agreed that the Sudetenland would be returned to Germany and that no further territorial claims would be made by Germany. The Czech government was not invited to the conference and protested about the loss of the Sudetenland. They felt that they had been betrayed by both Britain and France with whom alliances had been made. However, the Munich Agreement was generally viewed as a triumph and an excellent example of securing peace through negotiation rather than war. This famous picture shows Chamberlain returning from Munich with the paper signed by Hitler declaring 'Peace in our time.' When Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he broke the terms of the Munich Agreement. Although it was realised that the policy of appeasement had failed, Chamberlain was still not prepared to take the country to war over "..a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing." Instead, he made a guarantee to come to Poland's aid if Hitler invaded Poland.

The League of Nations was an international organisation set up in 1919 to help keep world peace. It was intended that all countries would be members of the League and that if there were disputes between countries they could be settled by negotiation rather than by force. If this failed then countries would stop trading with the aggressive country and if that failed then countries would use their armies to fight. In theory the League of Nations was a good idea and did have some early successes. But ultimately it was a failure. The whole world was hit by a depression in the late 1920s. A depression is when a country's economy falls. Trade is reduced, businesses lose income, prices fall and unemployment rises. In 1931, Japan was hit badly by the depression. People lost faith in the government and turned to the army to find a solution. The army invaded Manchuria in China, an area rich in minerals and resources. China appealed to the League for help. The Japanese government were told to order the army to leave Manchuria immediately. However, the army took no notice of the government and continued its conquest of Manchuria. The League then called for countries to stop trading with Japan but because of the depression many countries did not want to risk losing trade and did not agree to the request. The League then made a further call for Japan to withdraw from Manchuria but Japan's response was to leave the League of Nations. In October 1935, Italy invaded Abyssinia. The Abyssinians did not have the strength to withstand an attack by Italy and appealed to the League of Nations for help. The League condemned the attack and called on member states to impose trade restrictions with Italy. However, the trade restrictions were not carried out because they would have little effect. Italy would be able to trade with non-member states, particularly America. Furthermore, Britain and France did not want to risk Italy making an attack on them. In order to stop Italy's aggression, the leaders of Britain and France held a meeting and decided that Italy could have two areas of land in Abyssinia provided that there were no further attacks on the African country. Although Mussolini accepted the plan, there was a public outcry in Britain and the plan was dropped