Topic+1+Causes,+Practices,+Effects+of+War

= = =Good statistics on WWII: [|WWII statistics]= = = = YEAR 12 = = = __MAX UTNER__

__Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War__ __In what ways do the causes of World War 1 differ from the causes of World War 2?__ World War 1 Austria-Hungary. The serbs wanted independence because they believed that they werent Austrians
 * -Alliances** **: For example:France, Britain, Russia and later Italy. called the Triple Entente**
 * -Imperialism** is when a country takes over new lands or countries and makes them subject to their rule.
 * Militarism** means that the army and military forces are given a high profile by the government. The arms race for military dominance on world stage.
 * Nationalism**: The push for independence by different cultural groups. For example in

= World War Two = = s = = Treaty of Versailles =

1. **War Guilt Clause** - Germany should accept the blame for starting World War One 2. **Reparations** - Germany had to pay £6,600 million for the damage caused by the war 3. **Disarmament** - Germany was only allowed to have a small army and six naval ships. No tanks, no airforce and no submarines were allowed. The Rhineland area was to be de-militarised. 4. **Territorial Clauses** - Land was taken away from Germany and given to other countries. Anschluss (union with Austria) was forbidden.

-draft introduced - military rearmament -fighting against the Treaty of Versialles -refusing to pay war reperation fees - invasion of Czechoslovakia

Appeasement means giving in to someone provided their demands are seen as reasonable. During the 1930s, many politicians in both Britain and France came to see that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles had placed restrictions on Germany that were unfair. Hitler's actions were seen as understandable and justifiable. When Germany began re-arming in 1934, many politicians felt that Germany had a right to re-arm in order to protect herself. It was also argued that a stronger Germany would prevent the spread of Communism to the west. In 1936, Hitler argued that because France had signed a new treaty with Russia, Germany was under threat from both countries and it was essential to German security that troops were stationed in the Rhineland. France was not strong enough to fight Germany without British help and Britain was not prepared to go to war at this point. Furthermore, many believed that since the Rhineland was a part of Germany it was reasonable that German troops should be stationed there. In May 1937, Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister of Britain. He believed that the Treaty of Versailles had treated Germany badly and that there were a number of issues associated with the Treaty that needed to be put right. He felt that giving in to Hitler's demands would prevent another war. This policy, adopted by Chamberlain's government became known as the policy of Appeasement. The most notable example of appeasement was the Munich Agreement of September 1938. The Munich Agreement, signed by the leaders of Germany, Britain, France and Italy, agreed that the Sudetenland would be returned to Germany and that no further territorial claims would be made by Germany. The Czech government was not invited to the conference and protested about the loss of the Sudetenland. They felt that they had been betrayed by both Britain and France with whom alliances had been made. However, the Munich Agreement was generally viewed as a triumph and an excellent example of securing peace through negotiation rather than war. This famous picture shows Chamberlain returning from Munich with the paper signed by Hitler declaring 'Peace in our time.' When Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he broke the terms of the Munich Agreement. Although it was realised that the policy of appeasement had failed, Chamberlain was still not prepared to take the country to war over "..a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing." Instead, he made a guarantee to come to Poland's aid if Hitler invaded Poland.

The League of Nations was an international organisation set up in 1919 to help keep world peace. It was intended that all countries would be members of the League and that if there were disputes between countries they could be settled by negotiation rather than by force. If this failed then countries would stop trading with the aggressive country and if that failed then countries would use their armies to fight. In theory the League of Nations was a good idea and did have some early successes. But ultimately it was a failure. The whole world was hit by a depression in the late 1920s. A depression is when a country's economy falls. Trade is reduced, businesses lose income, prices fall and unemployment rises. In 1931, Japan was hit badly by the depression. People lost faith in the government and turned to the army to find a solution. The army invaded Manchuria in China, an area rich in minerals and resources. China appealed to the League for help. The Japanese government were told to order the army to leave Manchuria immediately. However, the army took no notice of the government and continued its conquest of Manchuria. The League then called for countries to stop trading with Japan but because of the depression many countries did not want to risk losing trade and did not agree to the request. The League then made a further call for Japan to withdraw from Manchuria but Japan's response was to leave the League of Nations. In October 1935, Italy invaded Abyssinia. The Abyssinians did not have the strength to withstand an attack by Italy and appealed to the League of Nations for help. The League condemned the attack and called on member states to impose trade restrictions with Italy. However, the trade restrictions were not carried out because they would have little effect. Italy would be able to trade with non-member states, particularly America. Furthermore, Britain and France did not want to risk Italy making an attack on them. In order to stop Italy's aggression, the leaders of Britain and France held a meeting and decided that Italy could have two areas of land in Abyssinia provided that there were no further attacks on the African country. Although Mussolini accepted the plan, there was a public outcry in Britain and the plan was dropped.

= = = ** Carsten Wulff ** = = = ** __Resistance Movements in Nazi Germany__ ** · 3 000 000 Germans held in Concentration camps between 1933 - 1945 for political reasons. · 70 000 Germans executed for actively opposing Hitler. **__Swing Kids__** · American style kids. · Listened to jazz and swing. · Opposed the Hitler Youth. · Situated mainly in Northern Germany (Berlin, Hamburg). · Counter - organization of the Hitler Youth. · For boys and girls between 14 - 18. · Opposed Hitler Youth through dropping out of school and not doing military service. · Similar to Edelweiss Pirates. · A more politically aware youth organisation (left wing). · Situated in Leipzig, with 1 500 members at peak times. · A network of internationally acting pro - Soviet spies. · Harro Schulze - Boysen and Arvid Harnack were the key figures in Germany. · The organisation was detected 1942. · Schulze - Boysen and Harnack were executed among others. · A student organisation situated in Munich. · Formed June 1942 by Alexander Schmorell and Hans Scholl. · Sophie Scholl and Willie Graf joined in July. · Published 6 anti - Nazi flyers between June 1942 and February 1943. · Detected and arrested in February 1943. · All members were executed. · Only a small minority actively opposed Hitler. · Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a protestant minister opposed Hitler through his sermons. · Clemens August von Galen, a Catholic priest also did so after hearing of the T4 program. · Bonhoeffer was executed on Feb. 7, 1945 in Sachsenhausen. · von Galen died as a German Cardinal on Mar. 22, 1946. Beatified on Oct. 9, 2005. Max, Max and Orlin: [|World War 2 Technology.pptx], Presentation Number 2: <-- For both presentations
 * __ Facts __**
 * __ Edelweiss Pirates __**
 * __ Leipzig Meuten __**
 * __ Red Orchestra __**
 * __ The White Rose __**
 * __ The Christian Churches __**

**Fact Sheet** __**by Julia**__
 * __Economic and Social impact of WW2 on the Home Front (including changes in the role and status of women)__**

- not only the men who fought in the war, but also the women, elderly, and children who where left at home, had to contribute their part to war - home front i s the name given to the activities of the civilians during a state of total war

- when the war started in September 1939, the government offered voluntary evacuation out of the major cities for children and their mothers as well as disabled people - from an expected 3.0 million ppl (for example in Britain) to take this advantage, only 1.5 million did
 * __Evacuation__**

- food at the Home Front was rare, therefore it had to be rationed - everybody was given a ration book for food and had to register with a grocery store - when food was bought, this had to be marked in the ration book, thus everybody was only allowed to buy food once a week - in Britain, everybody was given a book of 66 coupons to buy cloth of for one year - each item cost a certain number of coupons for example a jacket for woman 12 coupons and shorts for men 3.
 * __Rationing__**

- because more and more men got “called up” to serve in the army, women at the home front had to take over the job that are traditionally done by men - women worked in factories to produce aircrafts, weapons, and other goods needed for the war effort - they role of woman changed from the ideal Nazi image of the perfect German woman, who stays at home to cook and take care of the children, to an important role in industry - without women working, the industry would have not have enough work forces to produce enough war goods - the status of women increased a lot over this period of time, because they were assigned jobs that earlier had only been done by men - first steps of emancipation movements
 * __Women__**

- Women had to start working in industries even though this totally contradicted the Nazi ideology of the perfect German woman, that stays at home and cooks - Children were expected to go to houses collecting materials for the production of war equipment - The German industry used forced labour, called "Arbeitseinsatz" from the countries they occupied (especially also in concentration camps)
 * __Labour__**

- very strict laws regulated the work and private live of the people living at home - women had to work in industries to help achieve the “Endsieg”
 * __Laws__**

__** MWH HOMEWORK: ** **CAUSES, PRACTICES, EFFECTS OF WWII:** __

UPLOAD DOC'S HERE (WHERE YOU SEE A BULLET) __AND DON'T FORGET YOUR NAME:__ 6. 1. **Opening Moves: September 1939 to December 1940** - 1939: Blitzkrieg; Panzer and Luftwaffe -Poland was defeated swiftly by the German Blitzkrieg. Britain and France did little to help. -Phoney war: Hitler thought to weaken the resolve of Britain and France. 5 months of nothing. Hitler's troops occupied Denmark and landed at the main Norweigian ports in April 1940. The British were interfering with this trade by laying mines in Norwegian coastal waters. -Chamberlain resigned, and Churchill was in -1940: Dunkirk: it was important for the morale of the British -France was defeated so quickly because they were psychologically unprepared for war, and were bitterly divided between right and left. - The Armistice signed in railway car (Germany signs WW II) -1940: the radar: The German bombing campaign was not effective -The Battle of Britain: This was fought in the air, when Göring's Luftwaffe tried to destroy the Royal Air Force. The Germans bombed harbors and radar stations -Turning point: like 2nd Somme in WW 1, this caused a 2-front war from Germany. -Mussolini invades Egypt (Sept. 1940): Mussolini sent an army from the Italian colony of Libya which penetrated about 60 miles into Egypt. (Debbie)

6.2 • Hitler invades the North African countries Tripoli and Egypt in 1941 • On June 22nd 1941, Germany invades Russia (Operation Barbarossa). The invasion of Russia by the German army lasted through December 5th, 1941. the invasion focused on taking controll of the european part of the Soviet Union. The russian red-army however, successfully pushed the Germans away from invading Moscow. Therefore the operation failed for the German side. • After the Japanese attack on pearl Harbor, president Roosevelt enters the war and therefore makes in a second world war, in December 1941 • Japan and Germany treated their prisoners really poorly. The Germans exterminated the Jewish population in order to create the Aryan master race. Max U
 * The Axis offensive widens: 1941 to the summer of 1942**

Midway Island June 1942
 * **6.3 Offensives in Check 1942 and 1943**

Americans beat powerful Japanese attack, although in minor numbers, because They had broken the Japanese Radio Code, hence knew when and offensives were planned The Japanese made two mistakes: they divided their forces, which allowed the Americans to focus on their main carrier they attacked with aircraft from all carriers at the same time, which meant that when re-loading they were particularly vulnerable

Crucial turning point: Japan was seriously weakened by the loss of their carriers and strike planes and the americans could maintain their lead in aircrafts and carriers, which proved a huge advantage on war at sea. The americans were thus able to recover the pacific Islands gradually throughout 1943 and 44.

2.El Alamein October 1942

Rommel‘s Africa Korps were driven back by British troops after a number of battles fought in the previous months the Allies were successful because: During the seven weeks pause in September reinforcements arrived so that the Germans and Italians were outnumbered Allied air forces attacked the Axis forces and sinked their supply ships as they crossed the Mediteranian Sea, resulting in serious food, oil and ammunition shortages turning point in the war because: Egypt and the Suez Canal were prevented to fall into German hands and a link-up between Axis Forces in Middle East and Ukraine was now impossible, the Axis forces had now completely been expulsed from North Africa Allies were now well placed for further attacks German resources that could have been used in Russia, where they were badly needed, were drained

Stalingrad

Germans had reached city by end of August 1942, destroying it to a great extent but the Russians refused to surrender; if the city would fall into German hands, Russia‘s oil supplies from the Caucasus would be cut off Russians counter attacked in November and trapped the Germans in a pincer movement, cutting of their retreat possibility. The German commander von Paulus had to surrender the defeat destroyed the German myth that they were invincible and boosted Russia‘s morale, so that more counter attacks followed, forcing the Germans to retreat from the West of Moscow and siege of Leningrad Mary Fischer
 * **6.4????**

__6.5__ - Battle of Britain 1940; Hitler had to give up his invasion plans - More and more German U-boats were destroyed by aircraft, since the invention of new radar devices - American air force combines with the navy were one reason of winning the Pacific war against Japan. - Air force provided protection for the invading armies in Sicily (1943) and Normandy (1944)
 * Achievements of Allied air power**

- Allied air forces bombed German and Japanese cities, not only as a revenge for the German bombing of London and other important British cites and ports (1940/1) but also to handicap Germany's war effort. - Innocent civilians died in these raids of the Allies on Tokyo (March '45) and Dresden (Feb. '45) - Bombing was not effective until autumn of 1944, up to that point Germany's industrial production has still increased - increasing accuracy and new fighters that could outmanoeuvre German fighters, caused fuel shortages. - October '45 German armament factories were put out of action; by June '45 Japan had been reduced to the same state.
 * Allied bombing of German and Japanese**

- Philippa

**6.6 - The Axis Powers defeated: July 1943 to August 1945**

 * The fall of Italy**

- British and American troops landed in Sicily, July 10, 1943, causing the downfall of Mussolini, who was dismissed by the king. - Marshal Badoglio, the successor of Mussolini, signed an armistice with the Allies. - The Germans offered fierce resistance, but weren't able to keep Italy. Rome was captured June 1944, Milan in the north April 1945. - The Allies obtained air bases and were able to keep the Germans occupied, preventing them from fighting in Russia.


 * Operation Overlord**

- The operation began June 6, 1944, with Allied troops (mainly British and American) landing on a 60 - mile stretch between Cherbourg and Le Havre. - By the end of the first week, 326 000 men with tanks and heavy lorries landed safely. Eventually over 3 million Allied troops landed. - The operation caused a second front to build up, relieving the Russians in the East, and most importantly liberating France (Paris by August 25, 1944)


 * 'Unconditional Surrender'**

- As far back as January 1943, the Allies were fighting for unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy and Japan. - Most Americans opposed this idea as it would prolong the war, causing more death, but President Roosevolt stuck to the idea. - First when President Truman came to power April 1945, were efforts made to negotiate peace. By then Japan and Germany had already surrendered.


 * The assault on Germany**

- After the success of the German front, the Allies began invading Germany itself. - In September 1944, the Arnhem operation was launched by the British. It failed; parachute troops at Arnheim were captured by the Germans. - With this success, Hitler launched a final offensive through the Ardenees towards Antwerp, breaking through the American lines (Dec. 1944) - Hitler risked everything in the Battle of the Bulge, and lost. Germany lost 250 000 men and 600 tanks, and was being invaded from both sides. - The USSR captured Berlin from the East April 1945. Hitler committed suicide, Germany surrendered.


 * The defeat of Japan**

- Aug. 6, 1945, the Americans dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, killing 84 000 people.

- Aug. 9, 1945, another atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing 40 000 people, and causing Japan to surrender. - The dropping of the bombs remains controversial, as Japan already was close to defeat. The bomb also was a demonstration of power to the USSR.

Carsten

**6.7. Why did the axis powers lose the war?**

→ The Axis powers weren´t aware what power the Allies had:

- with Britain also came the entire British empire - the army of Germany as well as Japan were too small to fight on the various fronts and borders they have created - their resources were not as well coordinated as the ones of the Allies (especially Japans, being an island)

→ The combinded power of the USA, USSR, and the British Empire:

- huge amount of resources - huge army - by 1940 they had 4 times as many tanks as the Germans and twice as many men - airforce, navy force

→ Mistakes the Axis powers made and did not learn from:

- the German army in Russia wouldn´t retreat, until they got totally destroyed in Stalingrad - the Japanese would keep building ships instead of airforce - the Germans were producing V-rockets instead of a larger airforce

- Julia

=__ Results of WW I __=

1) Treaty of Versailles: - harsh punishment for Germany. She was to lose about 13 % of her land, 7 million of her former population and her overseas colonies were divided amongst a number of Allied countries. The loss of her population would later lead to the Sudetenland Crisis. - Disarmament: Germany’s army was reduced to 100.000 men. - War guilt reparations: In 1921, the Reparations Commissions decided that Germany had to pay around 132 billion Reichsmark ($ 31.4 billion). - However, Historian Fritz Fisher argued that the Treaty was not as harsh as many people claimed, because Germany was still economically strong.

2) Geopolitical and economic consequences: - Russian Empire: was torn by civil war that left more than 5.5 million people dead and large areas of the country devastated. Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia gained independence. - Austria- Hungary: establishment of the Republic of German Austria and the Hungarian Democratic Republic (this led to the fall of Habsburg Empire). - Ottoman Empire: at the end of the war, the Allies occupied Istanbul and the Ottoman government collapsed. - UK: funding the war had a severe economic cost (therefore led to poverty). - US: Americans chose isolationism and after an initial recession enjoyed several years of unbalanced prosperity until the 1929 stock market crash. (This leads to the question whether the US just didn’t want to get involved as the traditional orthodox view would state, or whether they actually had problems with their economy and therefore did not want to get involved). - France: annexed the Independent Republic of Alsace-Lorraine (this was one of the territory that Germany lost, and therefore led to more rivalry between those two countries). - Italy: failed to annex Dalmatia and had to fight some more years to annex the city of Fiume (Croatia). During war, Italy had suffered more casualties than Britain, and much fewer than France. - China: suffered diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference (1919). The Chinese delegation also called for an end of Western imperialistic institutions for China (which would lead to the fact that Russia and Communism gained more interest). (Debbie)


 * YEAR 11 **